To effectively make the point about the way of thinking about the entrance of Gentiles into the Temple (the Temple as the renewed people of God---the shared Jesus tradition, most certainly, would have included the understanding that Jesus had judged the Jerusalem Temple, setting it aside and replacing it with Himself and with the people who have now come to be the covenant people through joining in His movement by confessing Him as Lord ) in the time of Paul, we can venture over to the book of Acts. Though Acts would have been composed after the time of the writing of the letter to Colossians or Ephesians, as a historical work with a deep and abiding theological concern, it does provide relevant information concerning the period, especially in terms of the general attitude of Jews towards Gentiles. That said, we turn to Acts twenty-one.
Here we find the story of Paul’s return journey to Jerusalem. Beginning in verse seventeen we read, “When we arrived in Jerusalem, the brothers welcomed us gladly. The next day Paul went in with us to see James, and all the elders were there. When Paul had greeted them, he began to explain in detail what God had done among the Gentiles through his ministry” (21:17-19). Notice the focus on the matter of Gentiles and the effectiveness of the Gospel’s message. This, of course, makes perfect sense, as Paul is primarily known as the Apostle to the Gentiles. At the same time, however, he addresses himself to Jews as well, as his congregations (household meal gatherings in honor of Jesus) are a mixed bag, consisting of both Jews and Gentiles. This is well demonstrated not only by the content of his letters, but by the fact that he spends a great deal of time addressing Jews in the synagogues in the various Gentile-dominated cities to which he travels. However, Luke, as the author of Acts, is free to pick and choose that upon which he focuses his attention and that which he relays to the readers/hearers of his work. Interestingly, he consistently chooses to impart information concerning Gentiles, with this information provided its contextual setting by the Jew/Gentile issue that consumed the energy of the nascent church and so much of Paul’s attention. This lends substantial weight to the idea that the means by which Gentiles are included in the covenant people and share in their promises (the means by which they are justified) was a (if not the) fundamental point of contention in the early church.
With verse twenty we hear the response: “When they heard this, they praised God. Then they said to him, ‘You see, brother, how many thousands of Jews there are who have believed, and they are all ardent observers of the law” (21:20). That is, they are believers in Jesus who continue to adhere to the covenant markers of circumcision, Sabbath-keeping, and dietary laws. Going on, “They have been informed about you---that you teach all the Jews now living among the Gentiles to abandon Moses,” or to abandon the distinct covenant markers, “telling them not to circumcise their children or live according to our customs” (21:21). This, as can be gleaned from Paul’s letters, is highly debatable, and probably something of a distortion or half-truth (at best).
Paul’s primary concern was the covenant marker of Gentiles, that being confession of Jesus as Lord (their confession of the Gospel) that made them people of the covenant, and not the submission to the ongoing covenant markers of Israel as that which made them people of the covenant. This was what made the people of the Temple. Paul was not concerned with whether or not the Jews continued to hold to these customs, being far more concerned with not forcing Gentiles to submit to them, as doing so would contribute, in his mind, to erecting barriers to the spread of the kingdom of God to all peoples. Paul clearly demonstrates his belief that it would create unnecessary and probably unhelpful divisions among people, based solely on identifying practices that had nothing to do with the proclamation of the Lordship of Jesus.
If anything, Paul’s preaching probably encouraged Judaizing Gentiles (Gentiles who had adopted the covenant markers of Israel so as to come under the auspices and provisions of the covenant, so becoming Jews) to discontinue Sabbath-keeping and adherence to dietary laws (reversing circumcision, though possible, would probably not be encouraged, especially considering that Jews were not the only people to practice circumcision---it was really the combination of covenant related activities, though these changed over the years to reach the form that they had taken by the time of Jesus and Paul, that served to set Israel apart from other peoples). This could form the basis for the mild accusation that we hear in the twenty-first verse, as, in order to make a point, they would not make an effort to distinguish between a Jew of national and ethnic Israel, and someone who had become a Jew through the required processes. This observation of a portion of Acts, being highly revelatory in regards to Paul’s mindset as he dealt with the issues of the day, can serve to guide our approach to the Colossian letter and its (Paul’s) care to insist that all peoples are people of the true Temple in which the Creator God of Israel dwells.
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